We encourage scientific experiments. When you are asked - how to relate to the experience with a rocket on the moon? Answer - with respect. Of course, we know that the testers will not get what they expect, but still useful observations will be made. <...> We do not interfere with even the most difficult experiments. <...> Let at least a cannon shoot at distant worlds, if only thought was directed to such problems. It is not wise to stop the flow of thinking. <...> One should treat with respect such attempts. (H.234)
Initially, rockets in Russia were used as "amusing lights".
But already in 1516 the Cossacks used missiles in the military business. And in 1817, the outstanding Russian scientist, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 AD Zasyadko produced and demonstrated rockets, the range of which reached 1,670 m. In the second half of the 19th century, In Russia, more than 20 projects of jet aircraft were proposed.
The project of revolutionary NI Kibalchich deserves special attention. Sentenced to death for involvement in the attempted assassination of Alexander II and being imprisoned, he drew a diagram of the jet aircraft. Kibalchich developed the device of an aeronautical device based on the rocket-dynamic principle, considered a system for supplying fuel to the combustion chamber and the principle of flight control by changing the tilt of the engine.
The most advanced people dreamed of the Cosmos. In Russia, a whole trend in philosophy was formed - Russian Cosmism. In 1896, A. Fedorov's brochure "A New Principle of Aeronautics Excluding the Atmosphere as a Supporting Environment" appeared, where he described the design of the aeronautical apparatus proposed by him, the movement of which is based on the reactive principle. Fedorov's work had a great influence on KE. Tsiolkovsky, who laid the theoretical foundations of spaceflight, gave a philosophical and technical rationale for the exploration of the cosmos by Mankind. An unchanging companion, and sometimes the forerunner of scientific works and inventions of Tsiolkovsky was science fiction. "The desire for space travel is laid in me by the famous dreamer J. Wern. He awakened the work of the brain in this direction. Wishes came. Behind the desires came the activity of the mind "[1]," KE Tsiolkovsky recalled.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the science fiction book of A. Tolstoy "Aelita" about the flight to Mars of two enthusiasts on a self-made rocket received tremendous popularity in the Soviet Union. The prototype of the engineer Los from "Aelita" was the Soviet engineer F. A. Zander. Lethally ill with an incurable form of tuberculosis, he founded the scientific and engineering group of the GIRD, laid the groundwork for the theoretical calculations of jet engines, rocket astrodynamics, the calculation of the duration of space flights, advanced the concept of a spaceplane - a combination of an airplane and a rocket, theoretically substantiated the principle of planning descent from near-earth space and proved the idea of "gravitational Sling, which is now used by almost all spacecraft sent to study groups of planets. Zander's works were based on Almost all subsequent developments in rocket technology.
An important role in the development of Soviet missile technology was played by rocket enthusiasts: Yu. V. Kondratyuk, aerodynamics VP Vetichkin, academician VP Glushko, talented engineers SP Korolev, MK Tikhonravov, and others.
In the fall of 1933, the Moscow Scientific Research Institute was established in Moscow. Ilya T. Kleimenov was appointed the head of the institute, and SP Korolev was appointed deputy to the scientific part.
The first Soviet artificial Earth satellites
The desire for distant worlds is the natural direction of the human spirit. (AI 135)
Rapid development of rocket technology after the Great Patriotic War led to the development of the Soviet Space Program. The plan for manned flight into space was proposed to Stalin in 1946. However, in the difficult post-war years, the leadership of the military industry was not up to space projects that were perceived as fiction, which hindered the fulfillment of the main task of creating "long-range missiles." The state plan for the creation of R-7 missiles, the basis of the Soviet cosmonautics, was signed by Stalin and is enforced only a few weeks before his death.
Shortly before the launch of the First Artificial Earth Satellite, IA Efremov wrote a brilliant work "The Andromeda Nebula" about people of the Future and flights to the stars. The author could not have known about the deeply classified works. But it reflected the aspiration of the spirit of people, their dreams and ideas about the beautiful Future. And the fact that this Future is directly connected with the stars was very significant.
October 4, 1957 entered the history of mankind as the beginning of the space age.
On that day, the first Soviet artificial satellite was launched. It had a sphere shape with a diameter of 0.58 m, and its mass was 83.6 kg. Two radio transmitters of the satellite made it possible to obtain new information about the atmosphere. A month later the second Soviet satellite was launched. He weighed much more than the first - 508.3 kg and was taken to a more elongated orbit. On his board was the dog Laika.
The first cosmic half-living entity confirmed the real possibility of flying into human space. The name of the first dog that visited the space flew around the world. Her photos were printed on the front pages of all the newspapers of the world. A documentary footage with her showed in all theaters.
The launch of the third Soviet artificial Earth satellite was carried out on May 15, 1958. During the flight of this satellite, the corpuscular radiation of the Sun was registered, photons in cosmic rays, micrometeors, the magnetic field of the Earth, heavy nuclei and the intensity of primary cosmic radiation were studied.
The first Soviet artificial earth satellites allowed us to work out the basic systems and obtain initial information about the parameters of the Earth's upper atmosphere, about the processes taking place in the near-Earth space.
A network of flight tracking and flight control stations and processing of received information was created.
It was a time when thousands of people, in clear evenings and nights, leaving their affairs, peered into the starry sky, trying to see a small moving asterisk. The time of its appearance over this or that settlement was informed in advance. And radio amateurs of all countries persistently turned the pens of radios to catch the signals of these satellites.
The next "cosmonauts" who returned to Earth alive were the dogs - Belka and Strelka. In the spring of 1960, an experimental test of the first unmanned satellite ships began. After all the parts were worked out, the unmanned ships "Vostok" flew. Instead of an astronaut in the pilot's chair, a mannequin flew. Our engineers who prepared it for flights, jokingly nicknamed the mannequin "Uncle Vanya." [2]
FIRST FLIGHT OF HUMAN IN COSMOS
Far worlds, as an unrealizable concept of human life, fill the space. The cosmic concept of spatial fire and distant worlds for human consciousness should live as a distant goal. The realization of a dream is taken into the mind of the layman. The realization of a long-term goal can bring the understanding of distant worlds closer. (B.1, 67)
Finally, after numerous terrestrial and cosmic experiments, April 12, 1961 came. Early in the morning, only the leadership of the country and those who prepared the orbital flight knew about the launch of the spacecraft. The launch vehicle "Vostok" was installed in a huge mine on the launch pad. At dawn, a small bus pulled up to the site. Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin came out of it, dressed in a spacesuit and hermetic with large letters: "USSR". Gagarin appealed to the mourners: "Dear friends, close and unfamiliar, compatriots, people of all countries and continents! In a few minutes, a mighty space ship will carry away changing the vast expanses of the universe. What can I tell you in these last minutes before the start? My whole life seems to me now one wonderful moment. All that has been lived, what was done before, was lived and done for this moment. You know, it's hard to understand the feelings now, when the hour of testing came very near, to which we prepared long and passionately. I hardly need to talk about the feelings that I experienced when I was offered to make this first flight in history. Joy? No, it was not just fun. Pride? No, it was not just pride. I experienced great happiness. To be the first in space, to join one on one in an unprecedented duel with nature - is it possible to dream of more? But then I thought about the colossal responsibility that lay upon me. The first to accomplish what generations of people dreamed of, the first to pave the way for all mankind into space. Call me a bigger challenge than the one that fell to me. This responsibility is not for one, not for dozens of people, not for the collective. It is the responsibility before the entire Soviet people, before all mankind, before its present and future. And if, nevertheless, I decide on this flight, it is only because I am a Communist, that I have behind my back samples of the unprecedented heroism of my compatriots-Soviet people. I know that I will gather all my will for the best fulfillment of the task. Understanding the responsibility of the task, I will do everything in my power to fulfill the task of the Communist Party and the Soviet people. Is I happy when I go on a space flight? Of course, I'm happy. After all, at all times and times for people it was the highest happiness to participate in new discoveries. I want to dedicate this first space flight to the people of communism, a society in which our Soviet people are already entering and into which, I am sure, all the people on Earth will join. Now before the start there are just a few minutes. I tell you, dear friends, goodbye, as people always say to each other, going on a long journey. How I would like to hug you all, friends and strangers, far and near!
See you soon! ". [3]
The elevator lifted Gagarin to the spacecraft, which was at the very top of the almost 39-meter Vostok launch vehicle. On the landing, located at the hatch of the ship, Yuri raised his hand and once again said goodbye. Then the astronaut entered the cabin and took his place in a special armchair in which everything was for an emergency landing. As soon as he reported on the inspection of the on-board equipment and readiness for the start, the specialists began to fill up the entrance hatch. (see Attachment)
In the remaining minutes before the start, the atmosphere in the Mission Control Center reached its maximum. Nerves all were at the limit, especially worried Sergei Korolev, chief designer of the "East". Yuri Gagarin, who was at that moment on board the spacecraft alone, can be guessed from the transcript [4] of the talks between the cosmonaut and the PMU:
Korolev: "Yuriy Alekseevich, then I just want to remind you that after a minute's readiness, it will be six minutes before the flight begins, so do not worry." A few minutes later Korolev: There in the packing of tuba - lunch, dinner and breakfast.
Gagarin: I see.
Korolev: You understand?
Gagarin: I got it.
Korolev: Sausage, pills and jam for tea.
Gagarin: Aha.
Korolev: You understand?
Gagarin: I got it.
Korolev: Here.
Gagarin: I got it.
Korolev: 63 pieces, you will be fat.
Gagarin: Ho-ho.
Korolev: Today you will arrive, at once you will eat everything.
Gagarin: No, the main thing is that there is sausage to bite the moonshine. "
At 9:07 Moscow time, Senior Lieutenant Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin uttered a phrase that went down in history - "Let's go!"
"I heard a whistle and an ever-growing rumble, I felt a giant ship shake with all my body and slowly, very slowly, tore myself away from the starting device," the astronaut reminisced about the first seconds of his flight. "Overload began to grow. I felt an unconquerable force pushing me into the chair more and more. The seconds dragged on like minutes. "
During the launch and exit into orbit, the astronaut suffered terrible shaking, noise and strong overload. But in general, the first stage of the flight was normal, and Gagarin did not have to open the secret package containing a piece of paper with the number "25" ("25" - the code for the inclusion of the Vostok system of manual control of the ship). Since the flight was in automatic mode, Gagarin did not interfere in the management. But in case of failure of the automation should take control of himself. Cipher Gagarin not previously reported, because psychologists and doctors at that time believed that a person who saw his home planet from the outside, can go crazy and go to the independent control of the ship. In this case, the secret envelope was "insurance against insanity."
Taking off, the first cosmonaut of the planet reported to the Earth: "The state of health is excellent. The overload, vibration is increasing a little, all I transfer normally. The mood is cheerful. I see the Earth in the porthole, I distinguish the folds of the terrain, the snow, the forest ... "Finally the ship went into orbit. Weightlessness ensued. "At first this feeling was unusual," Gagarin later recalled, "but I soon got used to it and got used to it." "The feeling of weightlessness is interesting," he told the MCC, "everything is swimming." (Glad.) Everything is swimming! Beauty is interesting. " From time to time, Yuri sang a song about "a distant childhood snub", then whistled "Lilies of the valley" or the motif "The Motherland hears, the Motherland knows ..." Suddenly it turned out that the ship had entered a much higher orbit than the calculated one. This meant that if the brake system fails during descent, the ship will descend from orbit due to aerodynamic braking in the upper layers of the atmosphere. In this case, with an orbit height of 247 km, Gagarin could return to Earth in 5-7 days. For this period, all the supplies on board were calculated.
Fortunately, everything ended well. When, flying around the planet, the cosmonaut appeared again over the territory of his country, a command was sent from the Earth to descend. The first manned flight to outer space lasted 108 minutes.
"The ship began to enter the dense layers of the atmosphere," Yuri Gagarin later said. - His outer shell quickly heated, and through the curtains, covering the portholes, I saw a horrible crimson reflection of the flame raging around the ship. But in the cockpit there was only 20 degrees of heat. It was clear that all the systems worked perfectly ... "
Due to a malfunction of the valve in the fuel line, the TDU disconnected a second earlier. In addition, the separation of the descent vehicle (CA) and the instrument compartment occurred with a delay of 10 min. [5] As a result, the SA and the astronaut landed not 110 km south of Stalingrad as planned, but in the Saratov region near the city of Engels, where nobody landed Did not expect. [6]
The pilot of the ship catapulted a few minutes before landing of the descent vehicle and descended to Earth on a parachute. The first Gagarin saw an elderly peasant Anna Takhtarova and her granddaughter Rita. "When I saw me in an orange diving suit and a white helmet that fell from the sky," recalled Yuri Gagarin, "the old woman crossed herself and even wanted to run. Granddaughter boldly pulled her to me. I kissed them both ... ".
Soon, the military arrived from the nearby part of the scene. One group of soldiers took under protection the descent vehicle, and the other drove Gagarin to the location of the unit. From there, the cosmonaut telephoned the air defense division commander on the phone: "I ask the Air Force Commander to be handed over to the air commander: he accomplished the task, landed in the assigned area, I feel well, bruises and breakages do not exist. Gagarin. " Meanwhile, an MI-4 helicopter flew from the Engel airport, his task was to find and pick up Gagarin. Rescuers found the descent vehicle, but Yuri was not around. The situation was clarified by the locals: they said that Gagarin had left on a truck to Engels. The helicopter took off and headed for the city. On the way from it they saw a truck from which Gagarin waved his hands. The astronaut was taken aboard, and the helicopter flew to the base at Engels airport. At the aerodrome in Engels Gagarin was already waiting, at the gangway of the helicopter was the entire base manual. He was presented with a congratulatory telegram of the Soviet government, and on the "Victory" was taken to the control room, and then to the headquarters of the base, in order to communicate with Moscow.
By noon, Deputy Air Force Commander Lieutenant-General Agaltsov and a group of journalists arrived at the airfield of Engels from Baikonur. For three hours, while establishing contact with Moscow, Gagarin was interviewed and photographed. With the advent of communication, he personally reported to NS. Khrushchev on the flight. After the report, Gagarin flew to Samara (then Kuibyshev) by plane Il-14. It was decided to sit somewhere away from the city in order to avoid the hype. But while the engine was muffled and the gangway was assembled, the local party leadership approached. Gagarin was taken to Obkomovskaya dacha on the bank of the Volga. There he took a shower and ate normally. Three hours later, Korolev and several others from the State Commission arrived in Samara. At 9 o'clock in the evening covered the festive table and noted the successful flight of Gagarin into space. And at 11, everyone was already asleep: the accumulated fatigue affected.
Initially, no one planned a grand meeting of Gagarin in Moscow. Everything was decided at the last moment Nikita Khrushchev. According to his son, Sergei Khrushchev: "He started by calling the Defense Minister Marshal Malinovsky and said:" He's your senior lieutenant. We must urgently raise it in rank. " Malinovsky said, quite reluctantly, what would give Gagarin the title of captain. To which Nikita Sergeyevich got angry: "What captain? You give him a major. " Malinovsky did not agree for a long time, but Khrushchev insisted on his own, and on the same day Gagarin became a major. " Then Khrushchev called the Kremlin and demanded that Gagarin be prepared a worthy meeting.
IL-18 flew in for Gagarin, and on the approach to Moscow an honorary escort of fighters, consisting of MIGs, joined the plane. The plane flew to Vnukovo airport, where Gagarin was expecting a grand reception. A huge crowd of people, the entire top of the government, journalists and operators. The plane drove to the central airport building, the ladder was lowered, and Gagarin came down first. From the plane to the governmental stands, a bright red carpet was stretched, along which Yuri Gagarin went to the sounds of the orchestra performing the ancient air march "We were born to make a fairy tale happen." Approaching the rostrum, Yuri Gagarin reported to Nikita Khrushchev: - Comrade First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR! I am glad to report to you that the task of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Soviet Government has been fulfilled ...
Then there was a trip in the open car, Gagarin stood at full height and greeted everyone. Congratulations were heard all around, many waved posters.
In the maternity homes were spontaneous actions, all babies were called Jurassic.
Nikita Khrushchev handed Gagarin on the Red Square the Gold Star of "Hero of the Soviet Union" and appropriated the new title "USSR Pilot-Cosmonaut". [7]
This event did not leave anyone indifferent. A lot of people took to the streets of Moscow to see Gagarin with their own eyes, when he will go from the airfield to the Kremlin. And those who did not have such an opportunity watched what was happening on television. Spontaneously formed real demonstrations. Many schools canceled the lessons. The people celebrated the victory of human genius, skill and courage. In the evening famous writers and poets appeared on the squares. All concerts and performances began with the congratulations of the audience on the successful completion of Gagarin's flight.
And in the next two days, airplanes that landed delegations from different countries of the world on Moscow aerodromes landed to meet the first cosmonaut. Soon a press conference was organized where foreign journalists asked Gagarin and designers questions.
The whole world rejoiced! The pioneer of the universe, the conqueror of space, Citizen of the Universe, the Messenger of Peace - as soon as they do not call Yuri Gagarin. He became a legend during his lifetime, having passed with honor not only trials with unearthly overloads, but also unprecedented glory.
Yu. B. Levitan at a meeting in Saratov on the question: "What events did you remember in your speaker work?" - without hesitation, replied: "May 9, 1945 - Victory Day and April 12, 1961 - the day of the flight Yuri Gagarin in space.
May 9 - it is understandable why: we waited a long time for the end of the Great Patriotic War. But the flight of man into space was waiting and not waiting. It seemed to us that it would be possible in two or three years. And suddenly! .. A few minutes after me comes the car and at a wild speed delivers to the studio. They give me the text "TASS reports on the flight of man into space," I run along the long corridor, quickly grasping the meaning of what was written. Comrades stop me and ask: "What happened? What is the message about? "
I scream:
"A man in space!"
- Who ?!
"Gagarin!
The door in the studio slammed shut. He glanced mechanically at his watch: 10 hours 02 minutes. Turned on the microphone:
- Says Moscow! All radio stations of the Soviet Union work! .. »
Yu.B.Levitan confessed: "While reading the text, I tried to be calm, but tears of joy clouded my eyes. So it was on May 9, when I read the "Act of unconditional surrender of Hitlerite Germany." These programs were broadcast live, to people, to our compatriots and, of course, to all people of the Earth ... ". [8]
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