The R-2 rocket had a fuel carrier, a more convenient layout and, most importantly, a detachable warhead. In addition, the rocket propulsion system was substantially modified in order to increase its thrust, and the autonomous control system had twice the accuracy of firing. The R-2 missile was put into service in 1951, that is, only one year later than the R-1 missile.
Together with practical work on missile weapons at NII-88, under the scientific guidance of Korolev, large-scale project-and-research studies on H-I, H-2 and H-3 themes were launched with the goal of creating a scientific and technical reserve for developing qualitatively new missiles.
On the topic of H-1, experimental and theoretical studies of the main technical problems associated with the implementation of the P-3 missile project with a range of 3000 kilometers were performed: it was necessary to ensure the stability of the missile flight of an unstabilized (aerodynamically unstable) scheme and obtain data on the behavior of boiling liquid oxygen in Thermally insulated carrier of the oxidizer during the movement in the active section of the trajectory with increased external heat flows to the mass of liquid oxygen. On the basis of the constructive solution of the R-2 missile with the use of its forced engine, a single-stage experimental BR P-ZA was developed for an unstabilized circuit with a range of 1200 kilometers. Successful flight tests of this rocket gave the Ministry of Defense a chance to adopt it in 1956 with a nuclear warhead as R-5M. This was the first domestic strategic missile, which became the basis of the country's nuclear missile shield.
On the topic of H-2, studies were made of the feasibility and feasibility of developing ballistic missiles operating on stable fuel components (using nitric acid with nitrogen oxides as an oxidant). As a result, the possibility of creating such missiles was confirmed and a preliminary design of the first domestic BR-11 with a range of 250 km and a starting mass of half that of the P-1 was carried out. On the topic of H-2, studies were made of the feasibility and feasibility of developing ballistic missiles operating on stable fuel components (using nitric acid with nitrogen oxides as an oxidant). As a result, the possibility of creating such missiles was confirmed and a preliminary design of the first domestic BR-11 with a range of 250 km and a starting mass of half that of the P-1 was carried out.However, taking into account the environmental toxicity of nitrogen oxides and the lower energy characteristics of stable liquid fuels compared to fuels based on liquid oxygen and kerosene, as well as the serious problems that have arisen with the development of rocket engines with the necessary thrust (greater than 8 g), steadily operating on these fuel components , It was found expedient to use a nitric acid oxidizer with nitrogen oxides for BR with a relatively short flight range. When creating the same missiles with a greater range of flight, and especially intercontinental, it was recommended to use liquid oxygen as an oxidizing agent. This direction of the development of rocket technology, Sergei Pavlovich, proved to be true throughout his creative activity.
The Ministry of Defense commissioned the OKB-1 NII-88 to develop the H-11 missile, and Korolev brilliantly solved the above problem by using the 8-ton AM Isayev engine just created for the anti-aircraft missile and, for the first time, using a liquid pressure accumulator to supply fuel to the combustion chamber .
The Ministry of Defense commissioned the OKB-1 NII-88 to develop the H-11 missile, and Korolev brilliantly solved the above problem by using the 8-ton AM Isayev engine just created for the anti-aircraft missile and, for the first time, using a liquid pressure accumulator to supply fuel to the combustion chamber .Based on R-11 Korolev developed and put into service in 1957 a strategic missile R-11M with a nuclear warhead, transported in a refueled form on the tank chassis. Seriously modifying this rocket, he adapted it for arming submarines (submarines) as R-11FM. The changes were more than serious, since a new control and aiming system was being made, as well as the possibility of firing at a fairly strong wave of the sea from above-water position. Thus, Sergei Pavlovich created the first ballistic missiles on stable components of mobile terrestrial and sea-based fuel and was a pioneer in these new and important areas of development of missile weapons.
He sent the final R-11FM rocket to Zlatoust, SKB-385, seconding there from his OKB-1 young talented leading designer VP Makeev, along with qualified designers and designers, thus laying the foundation for the creation of a unique center for the development of ballistic Sea-based missiles.
Two scientific research works under the leadership of the Queen were launched at NII-88 with the aim of determining the shape and parameters of intercontinental ballistic and cruise missiles (themes T-1 and T-2) with the necessary experimental confirmation of problematic constructive solutions.
Studies on the T-1 turned into experimental design work related to the creation of the first two-stage intercontinental R-7 missile of the package scheme, which even now surprises with its original design solutions, simplicity of execution, high reliability and economy. The R-7 rocket made its first successful flight in August 1957.
As a result of the research on the T-2 theme, it was shown the possibility of developing a two-stage intercontinental cruise missile, the first stage of which was purely rocket and took the second stage - a cruise missile to a height of 23-25 kilometers. The winged stage with the help of a ram-air-rocket engine continued its flight at these heights at a speed of 3 M and was guided to the target by means of an astronavigation control system.
In the future, Korolyov developed a more advanced compact two-stage intercontinental R-9 missile (as an oxidizer used supercooled liquid oxygen) and handed it (mine version P-9A) into service in 1962. Later, in parallel with work on important space systems, Sergei Pavlovich began the first in the country to develop a solid-fuel intercontinental rocket RT-2, which was put into service after his death. At this OKB-1, the Queen ceased to engage in combat missile issues and concentrated her efforts on creating priority space systems and unique carrier rockets.
Engaged in combat ballistic missiles, Korolev, as we can see now, was striving for more - to conquer outer space and human space flights. With this in mind, in 1949, together with scientists from the USSR Academy of Sciences, Sergei Pavlovich began research using modifications of the R-1A rocket and launching it at a height of up to 100 kilometers, and then using more powerful R-2 and R-5 missiles at 200 and 500 kilometers. The purpose of these flights was to study the parameters of near space, solar and galactic radiation, the Earth's magnetic field, the behavior of highly developed animals under cosmic conditions (weightlessness, overload, large vibrations and acoustic loads), and the development of life support facilities and the return of animals to Earth from space - About seven dozens of such launches were made. This Sergei Pavlovich in advance laid a solid foundation for the storming of space by man.
In 1955, long before the flight tests, the R-7 rockets Korolev, MV Keldysh, and MK Tikhonravov came to the government with a proposal to launch an artificial satellite into space with the help of an R-7 rocket. The government supports this initiative. In August 1956, OKB-1 leaves the NII-88 and becomes an independent organization, the chief designer and director of which is appointed Korolev. And already on October 4, 1957, Korolev launches the first in the history of mankind satellite into the near-earth orbit.
The period when cosmic aircraft were created is referred to the fourth period of Korolev's activity from 1957 to a premature death in early 1966. In this period the Queen was distinguished by the breadth of views and inexhaustible creative energy. Working with Korolev was difficult, but interesting. Work was day and night.
Sergei Pavlovich did not like to repeat himself. Developing some fundamentally new design, bringing it to perfection, he lost interest in it. Instead of creating variants of what he had already mastered for many years, he gave it all to a collective of a kindred organization. And, if it was necessary, he transferred to a new enterprise and a group of his employees.
Korolev saw the appearance of space technology in many years. The meeting was held by Sergei Pavlovich in a peculiar manner, letting everyone speak out and conducting the most thorough protocol for himself. Upon completion, he thanked all those present, said that he had heard many interesting things, but I had to think about it. The decision, which was sometimes made some time later, did not necessarily coincide with the opinion of the majority, often Pavlovich looked at the problem more broadly, took into account what went well beyond the organization he headed. After outlining another goal, Korolev had the ability to instill in all participants of the work the confidence in a speedy success, to inspire them with seemingly unthinkable deeds. He was able to create an atmosphere in which people "laid out" completely, did everything to bring victory closer.
Having organized the work, Korolev moved to the goal, sweeping away obstacles, maintaining confidence in the final success, concentrating forces on the main direction. Subjects related to manned flights, Korolyov did not transfer to anyone. This was, on the one hand, due to the special responsibility of manned flights, on the other hand, long-standing and persistent sympathies of Sergei Pavlovich-he more than once regretfully said that his age and health do not allow him to fly into space himself. Everything related to the work of the astronauts, Korolev led directly and controlled in the most careful manner.
BV Raushenbach wrote about Korolev: "It was difficult to work with Korolev, but it's interesting. Increased demands, short terms and novelty ... He always wanted to know the problems that his employee s solved by reporting to him one or another question, I often heard: "I do not understand, repeat." Not every leader could afford this "not understood", afraid to drop his authority in the eyes of a subordinate. But such human weaknesses were completely alien to Sergei Pavlovich. All our projects were embodied in rocket technology, first of all, thanks to SP, which no one and nothing could stop, if something he needed for the cause. Korolev said that he always waited for the confirming voice of intuition, "as the third bell" ... How often he, relying on intuition, solved contentious issues and was never wrong! He was no scientist. It is also written that he was a great engineer - this is absolute nonsense ... because he did not do much: there is not a single theorem of Korolev, not one of Korolev's formulas, but he also had another amazing property - if there is a lack of information, the right decision... Again an amazing flair that never failed him. Such a thing as he directed, it was possible to conduct only with the character of Korolev - the character of the commander. Sergei Pavlovich was a great psychologist, not biased, not one-sidedly approaching a person. I did not divide into "white" and "black ones", I saw people with all their "stripes" and "krapushkas". This helped him to make full use of his talent leader, he was able to infect his mood of others: enthusiasm, haste or, conversely, calm; In a word, by what he considered necessary for the matter at that moment. I think that the main thing for Korolev was not that he invented something or invented it. I once thought a lot about Korolev and all those people who really made major discoveries, I would say, discoveries of universal significance, and I thought how to call them one word: a great scientist, a great engineer? All this is nonsense. There are many great scientists, many great engineers. And these people were unique phenomena. And I, I repeat, did not come up with a better word than a commander. "
Even before the launch of the first artificial earth satellite, under the leadership of the Queen, the development of projects of interplanetary stations, satellites for national economic purposes, manned spacecraft was under way. In January 1959, the first rocket launched towards the Moon, in the same year a pennant bearing the emblem of the Soviet Union was delivered to the surface of the Moon and photographs of its reverse side were obtained. In 1966, less than a month after the death of the Queen, the spacecraft completed a soft landing on the Moon's surface - the last work of the Queen according to the program of studying the moon. The highest achievement of Korolev in the field of the study of outer space was the flights of ships to Mars and Venus, the delivery to the surface of Mars pennant with the arms of the Soviet Union.
The Molniya-1 satellite was an example of solving a complex and necessary task - providing radio telegraph, radiotelephone and television communication over long distances, in particular, Moscow with the Far East.
But the apex of the creativity of Korolev is rightly considered to be manned flights into space. April 12, 1961 the ship "Vostok" with Yuri Gagarin started aboard.
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