In October 1930, at the All-Union Glider Voyage, Korolyov made a new glider SK-3, which he called the "Red Star". The load per square meter was higher than that of Koktebel, 22.5 kilograms. The airframe data was so unusual that it was questioned whether it was possible to float in the air. However, it was for him, for the first time in the history of aviation, test pilot VAStepanchenok - an experienced pilot-glider in free flight made the famous loop of Nesterov. Korolev was not present at the competitions, as he contracted typhus. As a result of the complication, he had severe headaches, an operation for trepanation of the skull was required. It was successful, but it remained a serious test for Sergei. After the illness the body of the Queen was so weakened that he had to leave his job for several months. But hardly became easier, Sergey with enthusiasm began to read Tsiolkovsky's work "Jet airplane".
Prior to studying in Kiev, in Odessa, Korolyov met his future wife - Xenia Vincentini. He tried to do everything that she became his girlfriend: and went upside down around her, and floated by the barge in the sea, and even on the edge of the roof of a two-story Odessa morgue made a stand for her for her. All this made an impression on Xenia. Leaving to study at the Aviation Department of the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, Korolev proposed to her. She answered that although she loves him, she does not intend to marry until she has learned to earn her own money.
He studied in Kiev, then in the Moscow Higher Technical School in Moscow, and she was in Kharkov, a doctor. After the institute, Ksenia was assigned to work in the Donbas. Once there, Korolev again tries to obtain consent to the marriage. In August 1931, she became his wife, and he took her to Moscow. However, Sergei did not differ in fidelity in marriage. The adventures of her husband brought Ksenia to the point that she poured all her feelings in the spring of 1948 in a letter to Queen's mother: "You know the whole story of our love well.
A lot of grief even before the year 38 (the year of the arrest of the Queen - Auth.) Had to be experienced, and despite the remaining feeling of affection and some kind of love for S., I firmly resolved ... to leave him for the continuation of his life under his beloved The slogan "Let everyone live as he wants ..." Later they divorced.
The second wife of Korolev was the translator Nina Ivanovna, who worked in his design bureau.
The daughter of Sergei Korolev and Xenia Vincentini - Natasha, who was under the influence of her mother, learned about the adultery of the pope in 12 years. The fissure between daughter and father remained for life. According to the chronicler of the space era Yaroslav Golovanov, when Korolev later telephoned her from Baikonur to congratulate her on her birthday, she hung up. He sat and cried.
But while Korolev was still interested in aviation, the desire to find means to fly higher, faster, farther brought him close to the idea of investigating the capabilities of jet propulsion. He agreed with Tsiolkovsky: "The era of airplanes of propeller must be followed by the era of airplanes of jet, or stratospheric airplanes."
The idea of creating jet engines worried in those years, many minds and outside the USSR. But the first, the main impetus given by Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, it belongs to him the idea of the birth of a jet engine, working on liquid fuel. In the 1920s, the German scientist Obert, American professor Goddard, and others led the work in this direction.
The work of hirdovtsy was crowned with success. On August 17, 1933, the first Soviet missile GIRD-09 of M.Tikhonravov's construction on liquid fuel flew to the sky in the suburb of Nakhabino near Moscow. The rocket climbed to a height of 400 meters, the flight duration was 18 seconds. But this luck forced the Girdovites to finally believe in their strength. Unfortunately, Zander, who was the soul of the whole affair, did not see the launch of the missile. Shortly before that, on March 28, he died, he died of typhus while on vacation in Kislovodsk. By special resolution of the Central Council, Osoaviakhim appropriated the name of F.A Сsandera to GIRD.
In 1933 the dream of rocket enthusiasts about the creation of a single missile center was realized. Cutting off all the bureaucratic obstacles, on Tukhachevsky's personal order, with a deep understanding of the fundamentally new work, the GIRD and the Leningrad Gas Dynamic Laboratory (GDL) were merged into the Reactive Scientific Research Institute (RNII). The head of the institute was appointed IT Kleimenov (head of the GDL), his deputy for research - Sergei Korolev. He was given the rank of division engineer (in modern terms - the rank of lieutenant general of technical troops).
At the same time, Korolev and Tikhonravov were awarded the highest award of the defense society - a sign "For active defense work."
In 1934 the first printed work of Korolev "Rocket flight in the stratosphere" was published. "The missile is a very serious weapon," the author warned in his work. A copy of the book Sergei Pavlovich sent Tsiolkovsky. Soon a letter from Tsiolkovsky came back to Osoaviakhim with a response to the work of the Queen: "The book is reasonable, informative and useful." The scientist only lamented that the author did not disclose his address and deprived him of the opportunity to personally thank for the book.
Korolev dreamed of taking a close look at the missile, but his plan was not meant to come to fruition. Not everything went smoothly in the newly created institute. Disagreements were revealed regarding the paramount tasks of the Missile Institute between Kleimenov and Korolev, as a result of which Korolev was replaced by an ordinary senior engineer. In the autumn of 1937, a wave of repression and arbitrariness, sweeping the country, came to the RNII.
Tukhachevsky was shot and Tupolev was arrested, who found himself in a closed CDB, where other "enemies of the people" worked - the famous designers in the aviation world - VMMyasishchev, VMPetlyakov, RLBartini and others. In Moscow, on Radio Street, for them seven-story building TsAGI was converted into a prison, having allocated rooms for habitation and design work. The specialists worked here not for fear, but for conscience, realizing that they needed the country's work, and believing that they would soon be sorted out and convinced of their innocence.
September 25, 1938 Korolev was included in the list of persons subject to the court of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. In the list he went on the first category, it means that the NKVD recommended by the NKVD is a penalty. The list was personally endorsed by Stalin, thus the execution sentence was practically approved. But it was a time of change in the leadership of the NKVD and repression had already reduced its scope. Therefore, judicial decisions were not so blindly followed the recommendations of the NKVD.
He was testified by Lieutenant-General Tyulin, a close friend who had repeatedly spoken with Korolev on expeditions: "When V. Glushko was arrested on the denunciation - later an academician, one of the creators of Soviet cosmonautics, and declared an enemy of the people, Korolev publicly stated that he could not believe that Glushko is the enemy of the people, and then he himself was taken in a few days. "
Korolev was arrested on June 27, 1938 and sentenced to ten years in captivity in labor camps on Kolyma. He spent a year in the Butyrka prison, under interrogations was subjected to cruel torture and beatings as a result of which Korolev's jaw was broken. He also received a concussion. April 21, 1939 Korolev got to Kolyma, where he was at the gold mine Maldiak of the Western mining department and was engaged in the so-called "common works." December 2, 1939 sent to Vladlaga. In the Gulag, an engineer who knew Korolev in the Moscow special prison, described him as a "cynic and pessimist" who repeated: "We will all disappear without a trace." But he was a missile, and he was needed. When Kolyma came to the challenge - to send him to the "Big Land", he hurried to the pier. However, by that time the last steamer had left. Soon the ship sank, and Korolyov waited a year for navigation to begin.
In Moscow, Korolev again fell on March 2, 1940, where four months later he was tried again and sent to a new detention center in the Moscow special prison of the NKVD TsKB-29, where, under the leadership of Tupolev, also a prisoner, took part in the creation of the Pe-2 and Tu bombers -2 and at the same time proactively developed projects for a controlled air torpedo and a new version of a missile interceptor. This served as a reason for transferring Korolev in 1942 to another design-type KB-OKB-16 at Kazan Aviation Plant No. 16, where new types of rocket engines were being developed to be used in aviation.
Sergey Pavlovich worked, according to the memoirs of the "cellmates", passionately and quickly. He participated in the construction of a dive bomber under the direction of Tupolev. Here in the Central Committee he met the beginning of the war, evacuated then together with everyone to Omsk. Korolyov asked to fly to the front, but Tupolev, who had already been released from prison, better known and appreciated him, did not let him go, saying: "Who will build the aircraft?".
Soon Korolev was appointed deputy head of the assembly shop for the Tu-2. But the idea of creating a jet plane did not leave him. He did not yet know that in February 1940, the country experienced flight tests of the first missile glider with a liquid-fuel rocket engine. He was guided by a towing plane, but this was a very important fact and the first step in the development of jet aircraft. Prior to this flight, the world practice did not know such experience, and in 1942 the first jet-powered jet was raised. He was piloted by test pilot Grigory Bakhchivandzhi.
Korolev was released in 1944 with the removal of conviction. This is evidenced by an extract from the Protocol of the meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 27, 1944. May 13, 1946, it was decided to establish an industry in the USSR to develop and produce missile weapons with liquid rocket engines. In accordance with this decree, all groups of Soviet engineers for the study of German V-2 rocket weapons, which had been operating in Germany in 1945, were united into a single Nordhausen research institute, the chief engineer-technical manager of which was Korolyov. In Germany, Sergei Pavlovich not only studies the German V-2 rocket, but also designs a more advanced ballistic missile with a range of up to 600 kilometers.
His letters to his daughter he signed: "Your friend Sergei, and the article -" Professor K. Sergeev. " In the 1950s, his place of work in the directory of the Academy of Sciences was said: "PO Box 651".
In 1952, after the removal of the conviction and the receipt of the order, Korolev submitted an application to the candidates of the party. The bureau of the district committee accepts it with a creak (6 - for, 5 - against): still the former enemy of the people. On May 30, 1955 Korolev wrote to the Military Prosecutor's Office: "I ask you to review my case and completely rehabilitate me, since I did not belong to any anti-Soviet organization ...". The answer had to wait two years: rehabilitation came only in the spring of 1957, a few months before the launch of the satellite. However, he never felt himself completely free.
"The most tragic thing is that they do not understand how much in common between life in the Gulag and in freedom, in the" big zone. "After all, I'm classified, so they want to - slam without an obituary.Another time you wake up, you lie and think: they'll give Command, and the same guards will burst into the room and shout: "Come on, out of the way, with things!" - from the memoirs of Ozerov, who was with Korlev in the Gulag, then - at large.
The first task assigned by the government to Korolev as the chief designer and all organizations engaged in missile armament was the creation of an analogue of the V-2 rocket from domestic materials. But already in 1947 a decree was issued on the development of new ballistic missiles with a range greater than that of V-2: up to 3000 kilometers. In 1948, Korolyov began flight tests of the ballistic missile R-1 (analogue of the V-2) and in 1950 successfully surrenders it to service. This missile differed from the German much more reliability.
In parallel, Korolyov was developing a new ballistic missile R-2 with a range of 600 kilometers.
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