June 16, 1963 Valentina Tereshkova went on a space flight, becoming the world's first female cosmonaut. We have prepared a selection of the most interesting facts about that flight and the preparations for it.
1. The world's first cosmonaut-woman was chosen from among parachutists.
After the first successful flights to the space of Yuri Gagarin and Herman Titov, Sergei Korolev decided to send a woman into space. It was a politically motivated move. I wanted to be the first in this. Search contenders began at the very end of 1961. The requirements were: parachutist, age under 30, height up to 170 centimeters and weight up to 70 kilograms. Paratroopers preferred, because the astronaut of the "East" had to be ejected after the descent vehicle was braked in the atmosphere and landed on a parachute, and the training period was initially determined to be compressed - about six months. I did not want to spend much time on the parachute landing. Of the more than fifty candidates, five girls were eventually selected. Valentina Tereshkova also joined them. All of them, except pilots Valentina Ponomareva, were parachutists. Valentina Tereshkova parachuting since 1959 in the Yaroslavl Aeroclub: by the time of the search for candidates for space flight, a total of about 90 jumps.
2. Girls, selected for space flight, hoped that they all sooner or later fly into space.
Of course, each of the five girls dreamed that it was she who would fly into space. To ensure that the atmosphere in the women's team was friendly, Korolyov promised the girls that they would sooner or later be there. But this, as we know, did not happen. Although other girls really planned to send to space, and they were preparing for this a few more years after the flight of Valentina Tereshkova. Only in October 1969 an order was issued to disband the women's group of astronauts. So only Valentina Tereshkova from five girls who have been trained, could become a real cosmonaut.
3. Valentina Tereshkova had two doubles.
In practice, it is accepted that every astronaut should have an understudy. In the case of the first female flight decided to hedge - Tereshkova appointed immediately two doubles because of the complexity of the female body. Spare there were Irina Solovieva and Valentina Ponomareva. Why did the choice fall on Tereshkova? The leadership has never substantiated its choice, but, according to the main existing version, this decision was rather political. Tereshkova was from the workers, her father died during the Soviet-Finnish war, when she was two years old. Other girls, for example, Ponomarev and Solovyov, were from employees. Nikita Khrushchev, who approved the final candidacy, apparently wanted to see the first female cosmonaut become a girl "from the people." Under these requirements, Valentina Tereshkova, born in the countryside, in the family of a tractor driver and a textile factory worker, was better suited than others. Although the doctors who observed the girls were inclined to give priority to other candidates - for example, Irina Solovieva, master of sports in parachuting, who committed more than 700 jumps. According to another version, Sergei Korolev planned another female flight with an exit into outer space and it was for him that the shore was stronger, according to doctors, Solovyov and Ponomarev.
4. Initially, the simultaneous flight of two women's crews was planned.
According to the original idea, two girls had to fly to space simultaneously in different vehicles, but in the spring of 1963 this idea was abandoned. Therefore, June 14, 1963, in the afternoon, on the ship "Vostok-5" was sent into space by Valery Bykovsky. His flight to this day is considered the longest single flight: in space, Valery spent almost 5 days. That is, two days more than Valentina Tereshkova.
5. Valentina Tereshkova's relatives learned about the flight only after it was over.
The flight could end in tragedy, so Valentina Tereshkova kept information about him in secret from her family. Before the flight, she said that she was going to parachute competitions, and they had already heard about the incident on the radio.
6. In the automatic program of the ship there was an inaccuracy.
An error was made, and the Vostok-6 ship was oriented so that instead of descending, on the contrary, it raised its orbit. Instead of approaching the Earth, Valentina Tereshkova from her retired. The astronaut informed Sergei Korolyov about the malfunction, and together with Yuri Gagarin, he was able to find a way out of the situation on Earth. For several decades about this story, none of the participants in the events, at the request of the Queen, did not tell, and only recently it became known.
7. In total, Valentina Tereshkova flew almost 2 million kilometers.
The start of Vostok-6 took place on the morning of June 16, 1963, and Valentina Tereshkova landed on the morning of June 19. In total, the flight lasted two days 22 hours and 41 minutes. During this time, the astronaut made 48 turns around the Earth, flying a total of about 1.97 million kilometers.
8. The flight was not easy, the landing was terrible.
At that time, it was not customary to talk about difficulties. Therefore, that the flight was difficult, Valentina Tereshkova did not report. It was very difficult to stay for three days in a heavy stiffening movement of a spacesuit. But she stood it: she did not ask for a premature termination of the flight. Especially scared Valentine was during the landing. Below it, there was a lake, it was impossible to operate a large heavy parachute, opening at an altitude of 4 km. And although the cosmonauts were taught to dissolve, Valentina was not sure that she had enough strength to stay on the water after exhausting flight. But in the end Tereshkova was lucky: she flew the lake.
9. The footage of the newsreel was staged.
Newsreel footage, on which the descent of the descent vehicle was recorded, was staged. They were removed the day after Tereshkova's real return to Earth. When the girl returned, she was in very bad condition and she was rushed to the hospital. But soon she came to herself and the next day felt good.
10. V. Tereshkova is not only the first woman in history, an astronaut.
She is also the only woman of our planet who has made a single space flight. All subsequent women astronauts and astronauts flew into space only as part of crews.
11. After fulfilling the dream of space flight, Valentina Tereshkova never ceased to dream.
It would seem that you can still dream about after the completion of such a flight and universal glory. But Tereshkova did not stop thinking about the possibility of new flights. She really wanted to go on a flight to Mars, and even was ready to fly there without the opportunity to go back.
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